Animal fats remain fairly saturated, which means that the fat solidifies at a subjectively high temperature. Consequently, biodiesel made from animal fat has a high cloud point The cloud point is the lowest temperature at which the paraffins or waxes in an oil reach a certain level of turbidity. B pure biodiesel made from animal fat should only be used in fairly hot climates. However, biodiesel from animal fat can be mixed with diesel oil.
Consequently, tallow and lard tend to be stiff at room temperature and chicken fat, while still mainly liquid, is quite viscous and almost solid. As a consequence, animal fats raw materials provide biodiesel with a high cetane number, which is a fundamental quality parameter for diesel fuels. Soybean oil based biodiesel mainly has a cetane number of around and petroleum based diesel fuel is often between 40 and Once animal fat biodiesel is mixed with petroleum diesel, this index High cetane levels can help the engine start faster and run more quietly.
One of the important attributes of biodiesel is that it reduces the levels of harmful pollutants in the exhaust of diesel engines, such as nitrogen oxides NOx , which are involved in the formation of ozone and smog. Photochemical smog is called air pollution, mainly in urban areas. Ozone is an oxidizing and toxic gas that can cause respiratory problems in humans.
Biodiesel from animal fats has been shown to tend to produce a minor increase in NOx and, in some cases, no increase McCormick et al. A higher cetane number is known to reduce NOx by lowering temperatures during the initial critical part of the combustion process. The partnership, called Dynamic Fuels, opened its plant in October and is already producing , gallons , liters a day and says it has capacity to produce up to 75 million gallons million liters per year.
Dynamic Fuels aims to make a fuel quite different from the typical biodiesel alternative currently processed from soybeans. Soybean-based biodiesel has remained costly and is controversial in food security circles. And federal regulations prohibit its transport through most existing pipelines for fear it will mix with jet fuel.
Biofuel has been thought to degrade jet fuel, although industry studies now dispute that. But diesel fuel made from animal fats such as beef tallow, pork lard, and chicken fat—known as "renewable diesel"—is distinct from biodiesel in part because of the way it's made.
To make biodiesel, fats in the vegetable oil are reacted with a form of alcohol—usually methanol—to form the biodiesel molecule. For renewable diesel made from animal fat, fats are hydrogenated by reacting the tallow with hydrogen under high pressure at high temperature.
The result is a molecule that's basically a pure—but synthetic—hydrocarbon, which means it's chemically identical to regular diesel. The harmful compounds in petroleum absent from renewable diesel include benzene, which becomes an airborne carcinogen when burned. Renewable diesel also creates far fewer sulfur dioxide, particulate, and nitrogen oxide emissions. Bigger says the exhaust has a light waxy smell, like paraffin. And, renewable diesel is a low-carbon fuel, even when its emissions are measured from the slaughterhouse to the refinery to the vehicle.
The California Energy Commission, which has measured the emissions of a wide variety of alternative fuels, says renewable diesel has 58 to 80 percent lower greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum diesel. Unlike biodiesel, renewable diesel can go directly into the petroleum pipeline and refining infrastructure.
Renewable diesel can be blended with petroleum-based diesel or biodiesel. And, according to Syntroleum, it has a dramatically longer shelf life than biodiesel, measured in years rather than months.
Despite renewable diesel's advantages, it's expensive to refine any kind of fuel. That credit had lapsed for a year after Congress allowed it to expire in December Traditionally, Tyson has sold its non-food-grade fats to producers of soaps, cosmetics and pet food. So far, Tyson spokesman Gary Mickelson says that the volume of fat and grease en route to the Dynamic Fuels plant "currently represents a very small percentage of our overall production" of fats.
But fuels could turn out to be the most profitable use of the waste products, if renewable diesel can take off. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Biodiesel is a biodegradable and alternative fuel to petroleum diesel.
The methyl esters are produced from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with alcohol in the presence of an acid or a basic catalyst. In this work, biodiesel was obtained by a transesterification reaction of bovine fat with methanol using KOH as a catalyst.
The raw material and the biodiesel were characterized by their composition in fatty acids. All tests demonstrated that biodiesel and its formulations with diesel can present similar results, or sometimes better results, to those of mineral diesel. View Author Information. Fax: E-mail: [email protected]. Cite this: Energy Fuels , 22 , 3 , — Article Views Altmetric -. Citations Abstract Biodiesel is a biodegradable and alternative fuel to petroleum diesel.
Cited By. This article is cited by 56 publications. Mullins and David A. Abdelnur , Livia S. Eberlin , Gilberto F. Analytical Chemistry , 80 20 , Mitigation of CO2 emissions by transforming to biofuels: Optimization of biofuels production processes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , , Jahirul , M. Rasul , R. Brown , W. Senadeera , M. Hosen , R. Haque , S. Saha , T. Investigation of correlation between chemical composition and properties of biodiesel using principal component analysis PCA and artificial neural network ANN.
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Environmental Engineering Research , 25 6 , Performance and combustion analysis of diesel and tallow biodiesel in CI engine. Energy Reports , 6 , Ranjitha , S. Gokul Raghavendra , S. Vijayalakshmi , B. Production, optimisation and engine characteristics of beef tallow biodiesel rendered from leather fleshing and slaughterhouse wastes. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery , 10 3 , Influence of fatty acid composition on process optimization and characteristics assessment of biodiesel produced from waste animal fat.
Meirelles , Guilherme J. Predictive models for physical properties of fats, oils, and biodiesel fuels. Fluid Phase Equilibria , , Meirelles , Klicia A.
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